Ota, Nigeria
Ota, Nigeria
Ota, Russian Federation
Ota, Nigeria
Ota, Russian Federation
The aim of this research was to assess the nutraceutical potential of Hura crepitans seed oil in food chemi- stry. For that, we determined the phytochemical composition, physicochemical parameters, mineral composition, as well as proximates of the oil under study. The yield of the oil obtained by the Soxhlet method was 47.8 ± 0.2%. According to the phytochemical screening result, the oil contained saponin, alkaloid, terpenoids, steroids, and cardenolides. Quantitative analysis of proximates for the Hura crepitans seed oil displayed 10.1 ± 0.4% of protein, 19.4 ± 0.1% of crude fibres, 14.5 ± 0.5% of carbohydrates, 5.3 ± 0.2% of water, and 2.9 ± 0.1% of ash. Some selected physicochemical parameters such as refractive index, pH, and specific gravity were 1.47; 5.2; and 0.80, respectively. Cloud point was 6.20°C. Metal content determination revealed the presence of mineral substances such as magne- sium (119.51 ± 0.25 mg/kg), potassium (4.25 ± 0.04 ppm), iron (4.01 ± 0.03 mg/kg), manganese (3.66 ± 0.02 ppm), so- dium (2.18 ± 0.02 ppm), calcium (0.11 ± 0.001 ppm), zinc (0.04 ± 0.001 µg/g), and cadmium (0.0028 ± 0.0004 mg/kg). However, such minerals as nickel and lead were not detected. The structural analyse was carried out based on phy- sicochemical properties and spectroscopic data of the Hura crepitans seed oil. The results of the research proved the nutraceutical potential of this oil to use as raw materials in various areas of industry.
Fatty acid, secondary metabolites, Soxhlet, Hura crepitans, proximate test
Recently, the use of plant oils in various industries has been consistently grown [1]. Hura crepitans seed oil is derived from a class of tree commonly known as the sandbox tree [2]. It originates from the tropical regions of North and South America and maintains its foliage throughout the year. It is also referred to as possumwood and jabillo aside sandbox tree in the earlier identified no- menclature [3].
Hura crepitans has can grow up to 30 m (100 ft) tall. It has large ovate leaves which can growth up to 2 ft wide in nature [4]. It is a typical rain forest tree with seed rich in oil [5, 6]. It is a prominent and salient me- dicinal plant widely used in sub-Saharan Africa [7].
H. crepitans seed oil has been reported to be essential raw material in biodiesel production [8]. It is also com- monly called ‘Odan Mecca’ in Kabba part of the Kogi State and ‘Aroyin’ among Ilesha indigenes of the Osun State, both in the western region of Nigeria [9].
The woody fruits have resemblance with small pumpkin pods, with about thirteen seeds in each pod. This plant is used for the treatment of dermatitis, gas- trointestinal disorders, and respiratory infections [10]. Oil obtained has been recognized to play the purgato- ry function. ‘Hurin’ is a non-color secretion from Hura crepitans which has been established by medicinal plant scientists as panacea for elephantiasis and leprosy [11].
Physiological and phenological reports [12] discovered this plant as edible food with diverse nutraceutical po- tentials aside utilization in biodiesel manufacturing [13]. Thus, this study deals with the evaluation of the seed oil of H. crepitans grown in the premises of the Covenant University, Nigeria. We analysed phytochemical com- pounds, physicochemical properties, as well as proximate and metal content compositions of the oil.
STUDY OBJECTS AND METHODS
Materials and measurements. The chemicals used
Copyright © 2019, Ajani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
were manufactured and supplied by Sigma-Aldrich
27.30 (3·CH ); 25.70 (3·CH ); 24.90 (CH ); 22.70 (CH );
2 2 2 3
Chemicals, USA. They included acetone, bromine wa-
14.21 (CH ); 13.50 (CH ) ppm;
3 3
ter, chloroform, ethanol, conc. HCl, conc. sulfuric acid,
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MS: in m/z (rel. %): 508.97 (M+, 34.5%), 466.95
(100%), 354.40 (10.1%), 275.00 (22.5%), and 270.03
(35.2%).
Procedure for phytochemical test. Phytochemical screening was conducted using the standard procedure that we described earlier to reveal the secondary meta- bolites in Hura crepitans sample [16]. According to the result, the phytoconstituents in the sample were sapo- nins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and cardenolides.
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with the help
was a clear indication of the availability of tannins.
of a JEOL Delta NMR ECX 400 spectrometer (Cali-
Saponins testing. 5.00 ml of distilled water and
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and δ )
the oil aliquot were mixed vigorously in a test tube.
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Seed sample collection. Seeds of Hura crepitans were harvested in the early hours (from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m.) of the 15th May, 2017 on Covenant University campus, Nigeria, at 27 ± 2°C. From sandbox trees which were about eight years old, the matured and healthy fruits were randomly picked and thoroughly mixed together. These were then kept in a dark polyethylene bag and transported immediately to the laboratory for further processing. The plant species were identified and authen- ticated at the Department of Biological Sciences of the Covenant University.
Extraction and isolation. Extraction of the oil from the seed of Hura crepitans was done at Covenant Uni- versity, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria using the standard method [14, 15]. The dried seeds of Hura crepitans were thoroughly ground into powder to increase the ex- traction efficiency. 2 g of milled sample was weighed and carefully packed in filter paper and mounted on Soxhlet set-up and extracted with n-hexane for 6 hours. After that, we removed n-hexane from the mixture to en- sure yellow oil, with yield of 47.79%.
Spectral data for the seed oil sample
IR (KBr): 2,974; 2,822; 2,485; 1,750; 1,600; and
1,038 cm–1;
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The frothing was mixed with few drops of olive oil and mixed vigorously. Foam formation indicated the pre- sence of saponins.
Flavonoids testing. Shinoda test was used to deter- mine flavonoids. Several drops of concentrated HCl were added to the aliquot sample. Then magnesium ribbon turnings were slipped into the solution. The observation of pink coloration implied the presence of flavonoids. This was also confirmed by alkaline reagent test.
Test for alkaloids. An aliquot of the sample was spot- ted on a precoated thin layer chromatographic plate. The plate was sprayed with the Dragendorf reagent. The appea- rance of orange spot depicted the presence of alkaloids.
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Proximate analysis procedure. The nitrogen con- tent was determined by the Micro-Kjeldahl technique, while multiplication of N (%) by conversion factor (6.25) afforded crude protein [16]. Moisture content and crude fibres were determined using standard methods [16, 17].
Determination of total carbohydrate. The deter- mination of carbohydrate percentage of the oil sample was ascertained by another approach. The technique involved the taking of sum-total of crude protein, lipid, crude fibres, moisture, and ash from 100 [16].
Qualitative analysis. We used the Biuret test to de-
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= 4.28 Hz, J
= 8.00 Hz, 1H), 4.16–4.11 (dd,
termine protein content. 6% NaOH solution and few
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= 8.00 Hz, 1H), 2.79–2.74 (t, J = 12.72 Hz,
drops of 1% CuSO were added to the test solution in a
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3H), 1.29–1.24 (d, J = 12.72 Hz, 32H), 0.88 (m, 6H);
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130.32; 130.11; 127.81; 68.80; 62.20; 34.11; 32.01; 31.62 (3·CH ); 29.80 (2·CH ); 29.40 (2·CH ); 29.20 (2·CH );
sequential manner. Appearance of violet color in infe- rence indicated the presence of protein is present [18].
In order to determine carbohydrate content, the Molisch’s test was used. Several drops of α-naphthol in al-
cohol were added into the extracted oil sample. This was
2 2 2 2
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(1 ml)
The 1H NMR analysis of the compound was run in
in a slowly and drop wisely manner through the side wall of the test-tube. Appearance of purple coloration that turned
deuterated chloroform using TMS as internal standard.
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rded as five proton multiplet at δ
5.35–5.30, after which
mixture depicted the presence of carbohydrates [19].
one proton dd at δ
4.31–4.26 ppm with J values of
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4.28 Hz and 8.00 Hz was recorded. Another 1H dou-
weighed into a crucible which was previously dried to
blets of doublet appeared at δ
4.16-4.11 with J values of
constant weight prior to use. The content was first heated
gently over a low flame until charred, and transferred into
5.96 Hz and 8.00 Hz. The chemically equivalent sixteen
methylene protons resonated upfield as 32 protons dou-
a muffle furnace at 550°C until a white ash was formed.
blet at δ
1.29–1.24 ppm. The presence of three methyl
A standard procedure was adopted for both the ashing
groups
H
as confirmed by two signals in the 1
and calculation [11].
w
spectrum as a 3H singlet (CH ) at δ
H NMR
1.60 ppm and as
Mineral Content Analysis. Acid digestion method
3 H
a highly shielded 6H (2·CH ) ultip t at δ
0.88 ppm,
m le
was used to prepare a solution of the sample in an ac- ceptable format for the minerals content analysis accor- ding to a known procedure [15]. About 2 g of the seed
3 H
which agreed with the value for the highly shielded
methyl group earlier reported [20].
Furthermore, the 13C NMR analysis showed sig-
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nals ranging from δ
173.3 ppm for C = O of ester to
gestion with perchloric acid/nitric acid in ratio 1:1 using
hot plate in the fume hood. When fume is invisible, the
13.5 ppm for C
C
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Spectroscopic characterization. Since seed oils find a wide application to different industries, seeds Hura crepitans are of great interest in present research. In the course of the study into the seed oil from African shore, we have herein evaluated the valuable parameters and salient compositions of Hura crepitans seed oil [15, 16].
C = O of ester appeared at δ 173.3 and 172.8 ppm while
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The mass spectrometric analysis revealed the molec- ular ion and base peaks to be at m/z 508.97 and 466.95 with intensities of 34.5% and 100%, respectively. The molecular ion peak was in agreement with the theoreti- cal value for molar mass of the compound, and the base peak had m/z ratio which resulted in loss of a propyl
radical (M – .C H ). Other daughter peaks due to some
3 7
Physiological and phenological analyses revealed that during germination of oil seeds, the utilization of the storage fat was initiated by the stepwise hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to free fatty acids and glycerol [12]. The structural characteristics of the extracted seed oil of Hura crepitans was validated using spectroscopic means. The FT-IR spectral data of the compound was run from 4,000 to 400 cm–1 but showed no noticeable band above 3,000 cm–1. This implied that there was no N-H band and no OH band either free or hydrogen-bonded.
The highest absorption band was recorded at 2,974 cm–1 which was due to appearance of C-H of aliphatic followed by the second C-H aliphatic at the stretching vibrational frequency at 2,822 cm–1. The C = O of ester was noticed at 1,750 cm–1 and it was doubly established with C-O of alkoxyl functional at 1038 cm–1. The stretching vibration at 1,600 cm–1 was as- cribed to the C = C functional moieties of alkene, and this value was in concordance with the literature value [14].
fragmentation patterns were noticed at m/z of 354.4;
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Phytochemical screening. In order to preview into potential bioactivity of the seed oil, the phytochemical screening was determined (Table 2). The phytochemi- cal testing showed that cardenolides as well as saponins were present in low capacity, terpenoids and steroids in moderate capacity, and alkaloids and carbohydrates in high capacity. Saponins are glycosides with foaming ability [21]. Since saponins contain polycyclic aglycones which are attached to one or more sugar side chain, the presence of saponin in the Hura crepitans seed oil ex- plained why it was rich in carbohydrates.
Table 1. UV-visible spectral data of Hura crepitans seed oil
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Peak 1 |
Peak 2 |
Peak 3 |
Peak 4 |
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Wavelength λ , nm max Absorbance Molar absorptivity ε , M-1.dm-1 max Log of Molar absorptivity, log ε max |
199.0 ± 3.0 1.70 ± 0.1 167,000 ± 10 5.2 |
210.0 ± 5.0 0.70 ± 0.1 70,110 ± 7 4.9 |
229.0 ± 5.0 0.58 ± 0.1 58,000 ± 7 4.8 |
277.0 ± 4.0 0.30 ± 0.1 25,000 ± 4 4.4 |
Note: M = molar, nm = nanometer, dm = decimeter. Value is mean ± SD of triplicate measurements with n = 3
Table 2. Phytochemical compounds of Hura crepitans
Table 3. Proximate composition analysis of Hura crepitans
seed oil Phyto-Constituent Availability and intensity
Terpenoids ++
Tannins –
Flavonoids –
Phlabotannins –
Phenols –
Carbohydrates +++
Steroids ++
Cardenolides +
Oxalates –
Alkaloids (Wagner technique) +++ Alkaloids (Dragendorff technique) +++ Saponins +
Quinones –
Note: +++ = high intensity; ++ = moderate intensity; + = low intensi- ty; – = absent
Table 2 demonstrates phytochemical substan- ces in the Hura crepitans seed oil. As one can see from Table 2, Wagner and Dragendorff methods revealed the presence of alkaloids in high intensity. Steroid hormones are responsible for many osmoregulatory functions of physiological factors in human. Hence, availability of these secondary metabolites in moderate intensity indi- cates that adequate intake of this oil will aid hormonal boosting in vertebrates. The result of the phytochemi- cal analysis also showed the absence of secondary me- tabolites which include tannins, flavonoids, phenols, phlabotannins, oxalates, and quinones. Since oxalates and cyanogenic glycosides contribute immensely to the removal of important nutritional component, the oil has great nutraceutical potential due to the absence of oxa- late and quinones [14].
Proximate determination. Having obtained the oil via Soxhlet extraction technique, proximate determina- tion results showed that Hura crepitans is rich in oil with percentage yield of 47.79%, as shown in Table 3 [14]. Crude fat yield was higher than the value (36.4%) previ- ously reported by Ezeh et al. [22], closely related to the value (47.80%) reported in [23], but lesser when compared with 53.81% yield in the previous work of Abdulkadir et al. [11]. Nevertheless, the oil yield of Huran crepitans in this study was much higher than the value documented for soybean oil (18%) and groundnut oil (43%) [24].
It is very crucial to have a deep understanding of the nature of constituents which furnish energy as well as enhance digestible conditioning in food prior to effec- tive preparation of commercially quality diets [16]. Over three decades now, curative medicine and therapeutic prevention against cardiovascular disorder is linked with balance diet intake [25]. Low moisture content (5.3 ± 0.2%) was an affirmation of the tendency for long shelf-life [11]. The proximate determination results also revealed that Hura crepitans was rich in carbohydrates (14.5 ± 0.5%), crude fibres (19.4 ± 0.1%), and crude pro-
teins (10.1 ± 0.4%). The ash content was 2.9 ± 0.1%,
which contributed to the total organic matter content (91.8 ± 1.8%). This ash value was within the expected
Proximate constituents Value Moisture content 5.3 ± 0.2%
Crude fibres 19.4 ± 0.1%
Carbohydrate 14.5 ± 0.5%
Crude fat 47.8 ± 0.2%
Crude protein 10.1 ± 0.4%
Ash content 2.9 ± 0.1%
Organic matter content 91.8 ± 1.8%
Note: values are mean ± SD for triplicate measurement
limit (various reports on the ash show it does not exceed 5% in fresh food [26, 27]).
Njoku et al. investigated lipase properties of seed endosperm of Hura crepitans at the moment of germi- nation. According to the results, its oil contained pre- dominantly palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids [12]. Idowu et al. reported that Hura crepitans contained oil and vitamins [28]. The high oil content in this re- search (47.8 ± 0.2%) implies the high level of essential vitamins.
The high carbohydrate content (14.5 ± 0.5%) ensured the valuable role of this substance for the enhancement of total well-being of man via the provision of energy for body metabolic processes [14]. The crude fibre content (19.4 ± 0.1%) will help in hasting digestion process [29]. Consistent and persistent intake of the recommended level of crude fibre helps the body to resist against nu- merous cardiovascular disorders [30].
The analysis also revealed that the crude protein was
10.1 ± 0.4% which implied that it was capable of ensur- ing the required cell division and growth to improve en- zymatic action that is essential for hormonal balance in the body. We found that Hura crepitans seeds had rema- rkable efficiency as a means of boosting the energy load of the body. David et al. established that Hura crepitans seed oil possessed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity [30]. With MIC values of 1.25 mg/ml, the oil was effec- tive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Z.O.I. = 5.5 mm), Salmonella typhi (Z.O.I. = 8.5 mm), Escherichia coli (Z.O.I. = 6.0 mm), and Enterobacter sp. (Z.O.I. = 6.0 mm) [30]. Thus, the high proximate profile together with the broad antimicrobial activities allowed us to conclude that Hura crepitans had great nutraceutical potential.
Physicochemical parameter determination. Ta- ble 4 shows the physicochemical properties of the Hura crepitans seed oil determined using standard methods. The parameters evaluated were refractive index (RI), specific gravity (SG), boiling point (BP), melting point (MP), cloud point (CP), etc.
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is a good quality control parameter in this study since
Table 4. Physicochemical parameters of Hura crepitans seed oil
Table 5. Mineral content in Hura crepitans seed oil
Parameter Value
Free fatty acid (FFA), mg KOH/g 6.0 ± 0.3
Acid value (AV) 3.0 ± 0.2
Peroxide value (PV), meq./ kg 4.8 ± 0.2 Saponification value (SV), mg KOH/g 147.7 ± 1.2 Iodine value (IV) 14.2 ± 0.8
Refractive index (RI) 1.4776 ± 0.1
Specific gravity, g/mL 0.8 ± 0.01
Boiling point (BP), oC 240 ± 0.9
Melting point (MP), oC 73–76
Pour point (CP), oC –0.10
Cloud point, oC 6.20
Colour Golden yellow
pH 5.2 ± 0.1
Mineral Value
Manganese (Mn), ppm 3.66 ± 0.02
Iron (Fe), mg/kg 4.01 ± 0.03
Magnesium (Mg), mg/kg 119.51 ± 0.25
Calcium (Ca), ppm 0.11 ± 0.001
Cadmium (Cd), mg/kg 0.0028 ± 0.0004
Zinc (Zn), µg/g 0.04 ± 0.001
Cobalt (Co), mg/kg BDL
Lead (Pb), mg/kg BDL
Nickel (Ni), mg/kg BDL
Sodium (Na), ppm 2.18 ± 0.02
Potassium (K), ppm 4.25 ± 0.04
Note: values are mean ± SD of triplicate determinations with n = 3. BDL = Below Detectable Limit. ppm = parts per million
the lower PV value demonstrated that the oil had high quality, with no oxidative rancidity. The saponification value is 147.7 mg KOH/kg, which is an indicator of ave- rage molar mass of fatty acid. The acceptable range of SV for palm oil is 195–205 mg KOH/g according to Standard Organization of Nigeria [33]. Hence, the lower saponification value in this research, as compared with the standard value, clearly indicates that there are lesser ester bonds [34].
Moreover, iodine value (IV) for Hura crepitans was
14.23. It measures the degree of unsaturation in a fat or vegetable oil and determines how stable the oil is to oxidation [35]. A decrease in the total unsaturation of oils can indicate quality deterioration of stored oil [36]. Hence, the low IV in the oil under study might have con- tributed to a high stability of the oil during storage [34].
The refractive index of the oil was 1.478 and was in line with the American Standard of Test Material (ASTM) value (1.476–1.479). The boiling point (240°C), the pour point (–0.10°C), and cloud point (6.2°C) were in agreement with the values reported by O.O. Oniya et al. [13] who also investigated sandbox tree. Nonethe- less, the cloud point, which had a value 6.2°C in this study, slightly varied from that obtained for peanut oil by Agarwal [37], which was 5°C. The specific gravity (0.88) at room temperature had the same value as in [38]. Ho- wever, there was a slight variation in pH (5.2) from that in [22], where pH was 7.6. This might be due to different process condition.
Mineral content determination. The determination of mineral substances in seed oil is an important factor for nutritional assessment and human health benefits that sums up to provide the nutraceutical potential of the oil [39]. To determine the mineral and metal contents in the Hura crepitans seed oil, we used the AAS technique. The results are represented in Table 5.
Since mg/kg and µg/g are equivalent to part per mil- lion (ppm), the latter will be used in the discussion for uniformity. Of eleven minerals determined, eight were detected while three elements were below the detectable limit of the machine used (Buck Scientific 210VGP AAS). The order of the detectable minerals based on their relative abundance was as follows: Mg (119.51 ± 0.25
147
ppm) > K (4.25 ± 0.04 ppm) > Fe (4.01 ± 0.03 ppm) > Mn (3.66 ± 0.02 ppm) > Na (2.18 ± 0.02 ppm) > Ca (0.11
± 0.001 ppm) > Zn (0.04 ± 0.001 ppm) > Cd (0.0028 ±
0.0004 ppm). Among the detected minerals, magnesium (Mg) was present in the highest concentration (119.51
± 0.25 ppm), while cadmium (Cd) displayed the lowest value (0.0028 ± 0.0004 ppm). Such metals as lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) were not detected because of their insignificant amount. This gives a considerable ad- vantage to the consumption of this oil as metal lead is harmful for the body.
As for the other mineral substances, the amount of iron (Fe) contained in the Hura crepitans oil (4.02 ±
-
- mg/kg) might assist in replacing lost blood via enrichment of hemoglobin. In addition, regular con- sumption of the oil would prevent anaemia disease in humans [15]. The manganese (Mn) value (3.66 mg/kg) was within the acceptable standard, which was 2–4 mg per day. Magnesium is a valuable element in animal feed and the human diet.
Calcium (Ca) is responsible for the formation of strong bone and teeth. In this study, calcium was dete- cted in trace quantity (0.11 ± 0.001 ppm). Nevertheless, regular consumption of the Hura crepitans oil could reduce hypocalcaemia and osteoporosis resulted from calcium deficiency in the human skeletal system [40]. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content determination is of great importance because they are both intracellular and extracellular cations. The sodium content indicated that it would be able to control plasma volume, neuron transmission, and muscular contraction [16]. The values for magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and calcium are in good agreement with those in Hura crepitans oil documented by Abdulkadir et al. [11].
The heavy metals such as nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) were not detected in the oil sample. It is noticeable that lead was not detected in the Hura crepitans oil as well, since lead showed toxic effect on living organisms. This implied that the oil was medically safe for consumption and could be used in the human diet.
CONCLUSION
The seed of Hura crepitans has promising profile.
Solvent-extracted oil from Hura crepitans was analysed for physicochemical parameters, mineral content, and phytochemical composition in order to assess the nu- traceutical potential. The results of the research allow us to conclude that this oil can be used as an alternative source of dietary supplement and raw materials in ani- mal feed. Structural analyse of the Hura crepitans seed oil was carried out based on its physicochemical para- meters and spectroscopic data. The data reported in this research were obtained with the help of diverse standard
methods. The Hura crepitans seed oil has potential for further investigations of its mechanical properties for technical applications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express their gratitude to the Covenant University for the support for this work.
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